Dr APJ Abdul Kalam

About :

Bharat Ratna Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam, generally known as Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, was the 11th President of India (2002-2007). He was elected against Lakshmi Sehgal in 2002 and had support from both the Bharatiya Janata Party and the Indian National Congress, the two leading parties of Indian politics. By profession he was a scientist and an administrator in India. He worked with Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and Defense Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) as an aerospace engineer before becoming the President of India. His work on the development of launch vehicle and ballistic missile technology had earned him the name of the 'Missile Man of India'.

Journey and Achievements as a Scientist :

• After completing his graduation in 1960, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam joined as a scientist in Defence Research and Development Organisation's Aeronautical Development Establishment.
• At the very start of his career, he designed a small helicopter for the Indian army.
• He also worked under the renowned scientist Vikram Sarabhai as a part of the committee of INCOSPAR.
• From 1963 to 1964, he visited the Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, the Wallops Flight Facility located at the Eastern Shore of Virginia and the Langley Research Center of Nasa situated at Hampton Virginia.
• In 1965, he worked independently in Defense Research and Development Organisation for the first time on an expandable rocket project. The programme was expanded in 1969 and more engineers were included after receiving government's approval.
• He became the Project Director of India's first indigenous Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV-III) when he was transferred in 1969 to Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). In July 1980, his team was successful in deploying the Rohini satellite near the orbit of the Earth. Dr. Kalam's efforts in developing the projects on SLV-III and Polar SLV from 1970s to 1990s proved to be successful.
• Dr. Kalam directed Project Valiant and Project Devil that aimed at developing ballistic missiles using the technology of the SLV programme that was a success. It is known that the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, using her discretionary powers, allotted secret funds when these aerospace projects were disapproved by the Union Cabinet.
• Dr. Kalam and Dr. V.S. Arunachalam, on the proposal of the then Defense Minister R. Venkataraman, worked on developing a quiver of missiles instead of one at a time. Dr. Kalam was made the Chief Executive of the programme, which was named Integrated Guided Missile Development programme.
• From July 1992 to December 1999 he remained the Secretary of the Defense Research and Development Organisation, and also the Chief Scientific Advisor to the Prime Minister. This period witnessed the Pokhran II nuclear tests, when Dr. Kalam played a key technological and political role. At the time of the testing phase, he, along with R. Chidambaram, was made the Chief Project Coordinator.
• He developed a low-cost Coronary Stent along with Dr. Soma Raju, a cardiologist, in 1998. It was named "Kalam-Raju Stent" after them. Both of them also designed a tablet PC called "Kalam-Raju Tablet" for healthcare in rural areas.

Dr. Kalam's Tenure as President of India :

• The National Democratic Alliance (NDA) government on 10 June 2002 proposed Dr. Kalam's name for the Presidential post to the Leader of Opposition, Congress President Sonia Gandhi.
• The Nationalist Congress Party and the Samajwadi Party supported his candidature. Dr. Kalam served as the President of India from 25 July 2002 to 25 July 2007.
• He won the election, getting 922,884 votes, thus defeating Lakshmi Sehgal, who got 107,366 votes.
• Dr. Kalam succeeded K.R. Narayanan as the 11th President of India.
• He was the third President of India to have received the prestigious Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian honour. It was earlier given to Dr. Sarvapali Radhakrishnan in 1954 and Dr. Zakir Hussain in 1963.
• He was the first bachelor and scientist to reside in the Rashtrapati Bhavan.
• Dr. Kalam was affectionately called the People's President.
• According to him the toughest decision taken by him as President was signing the Bill of Office of Profit.
• He was criticized as a President for his inaction to decide the fate of 20 mercy petitions out of 21, including that of the Kashmiri Terrorist Afzal Guru, who was convicted for the Parliament attacks in December 2001.

Honours and Awards :

• The United Nations has recognized Dr. Kalam's 79th birthday as "World Student's Day".
• In 1981 he received the Padma Bhushan and in 1990 the Padma Vibhushan from the Indian Government for his work with DRDO and ISRO and as scientific advisor to the government.
• He received the Bharat Ratna in 1997 for his contribution in the field of scientific research, development and modernisation of technology in the defense sector of India.
• In 1997, the Indian National Congress conferred him with the Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration.
• In 1998 the Government of India gave him the Veer Savarkar Award.
• The Alwars Research Centre of Chennai bestowed on him the Ramanujan Award in 2000.
• The University of Wolverhampton in UK bestowed on him the Honorary Doctorate of Science in 2007.
• The Royal Society of UK honoured him with the King Charles II Medal in 2007.
• In 2008 he received the Doctor of Engineering (Honoris Causa) from Singapore's Nanyang Technological University.
• The California Institute of Technology, USA honoured him with the International von Karman Wings Award in 2009.
• He received the Hoover Medal from ASME Foundation, U.S.A in 2009.
• The University of Waterloo honoured him with the Doctor of Engineering in 2010.
• In 2011, he became an Honorary member of the IEEE.
• In 2012, the Simon Fraser University conferred him the Doctor of Laws (Honoris Causa).
• In 2013, he received the Von Braun Award from National Space Society in recognition of his excellence in the leadership and management of space-related projects.
• In 2014, he received an honourary degree in Doctor of Science from Edinburgh University, UK.
• In September 2015, the national missile test site in Odisha, Wheeler Island, was renamed Abdul Kalam Island.
• On October 15, 2015, commemorative postal stamps on Dr. Kalam were released by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on his 84th birth anniversary celebrations at DRDO Bhawan, New Delhi.

Biographies :

• A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: The Visionary of India, by K. Bhushan and G. Katyal.
• Eternal Quest: Life and Times of Dr. Kalam, written by S. Chandra.
• President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, written by R.K. Pruthi.
• My Days With Mahatma Abdul Kalam, written by Fr. A.K. George.
• A Little Dream, a documentary film by P. Dhanapal, Minveli Media Works Private Limited.
• The Kalam Effect: My Years with the President, written by P.M. Nair.